Voodoo Too

CHAPTER 17 VOCAB

Psychotherapy – an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties.

Electric Approach - an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problems, uses techniqu4s from various forms of therapy

Psychoanalysis – Sigmund Freud’s therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences- and the therapist’s interpretations of them- releases previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

Resistance – in psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight.

Interpretation – In psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight.

Transference – in psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

Client-centered therapy – a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients’ growth

Active listening – empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers’ client-centered therapy

Behavior therapy – therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

Counterconditioning – a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors, based on classical conditioning. Includes systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning

Exposure therapies – behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid.

Systematic desensitization – a type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias

Aversive conditioning – a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

Token Economy – an operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior. A patient exchanges a token of some sort,. Earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats

Cognitive therapy- therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

Cognitive-behavior therapy – a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

Family therapy – therapy that treats the family as a system, Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by or direc6ted at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication.

Psychopharmacology – the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

Lithium – a chemical that provides an effective drug therapy for the mood swings of bipolar (manic-depressive ) disorders

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) – a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.

Psychosurgery – surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

Lobotomy – a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal loves to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

                                                             CHAPTER 18

Social psychology – the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Attribution theory – the theory that we tend to give a causal explanation for someone’s behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person’s exposition

Fundamental attribution error – the tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

Attitude – a belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon – the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Cognitive dissonance theory – the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

Conformity – adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Normative social influence – influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Informational social influence – influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

Social loafing – the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Deindividuation – the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Group polarization – the enhancement of a group’s prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group

Prejudice – an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action

Stereotype – a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

Ingroup – “Us” – people whom one shares a common identity

Outgroup – “Them” – those perceived as different or apart from one’s ingroup

Ingroup bias – the tendency to favor one’s own group

Scapegoat theory – the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Just-world phenomenon - the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Agression - any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

Frustration-agression principle – the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal – creates anger, which can generate aggression

Conflict – a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

Social trap – a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

Mere exposure effect – the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

Passionate love – an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a low relationship

Companionate love – the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

Equity – a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

Self-disclosure – revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

Altruism – unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Bystander effect – the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Social exchange theory – the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Superordinate goals – shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

GRIT – Graduated and Reciprocated Initiative in Tension-Reduction – a strategy designed to decrease international tensions